{"id":622,"date":"2023-03-15T14:48:50","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T14:48:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clntranslations.teclan.org\/kim-byli-jakobini\/"},"modified":"2023-04-07T15:20:01","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T14:20:01","slug":"kim-byli-jakobini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guides.cruiselochness.com\/pl\/kim-byli-jakobini\/","title":{"rendered":"KIM BYLI JAKOBINI?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Jeden z najlepiej zapami\u0119tanych do dzi\u015b przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w stara\u0144 w tym wzgl\u0119dzie dotyczy\u0142 ma\u0142\u017ce\u0144stwa mi\u0119dzy kr\u00f3lem Szkocji Jakubem IV Stewartem a siostr\u0105 kr\u00f3la Anglii, Henryka VIII Tudora. Zamierzanym efektem mia\u0142o by\u0107 zjednoczenie dw\u00f3ch monarchii. Nie wszystko posz\u0142o jednak zgodnie z planem. Francja, odwieczny sojusznik Szkocji, poprosi\u0142a Jakuba o to, by ten spr\u00f3bowa\u0142 rozproszy\u0107 uwag\u0119 Henryka, kt\u00f3ry skupiony by\u0142 w\u00f3wczas na podbijaniu Europy. Mi\u0119dzy Angli\u0105 a Szkocj\u0105 dosz\u0142o do bitwy, w kt\u00f3rej Szkoci odnie\u015bli mia\u017cd\u017c\u0105c\u0105 pora\u017ck\u0119.   <\/p>\n\n<p>Lata p\u00f3\u017aniej koron\u0119 Szkocji przej\u0119\u0142a pi\u0105ta c\u00f3rka Jakuba, Maria I (zwana Kr\u00f3low\u0105 Szkot\u00f3w). Jako katoliczka musia\u0142a jednak zrzec si\u0119 tronu na rzecz swego syna, kr\u00f3la Szkocji Jakuba VI. Maria odda\u0142a si\u0119 w ko\u0144cu w r\u0119ce swej kuzynki El\u017cbiety. Seria nast\u0119puj\u0105cych p\u00f3\u017aniej zdarze\u0144 (nierzadko odwzorowywana w popkulturze b\u0142\u0119dnie) doprowadzi\u0142a do egzekucji Marii.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Kiedy kr\u00f3lowa El\u017cbieta I zmar\u0142a, nie zostawiaj\u0105c po sobie potomstwa, angielska korona przypad\u0142a kr\u00f3lowi Szkocji Jakubowi VI. Tak oto dosz\u0142o do zjednoczenia obu kr\u00f3lestw. Od tamtej pory kr\u00f3l znany by\u0142 w Szkocji jako Jakub VI, a w Anglii \u2013 jako Jakub I.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Kr\u00f3l podj\u0105\u0142 niekorzystn\u0105 dla Szkot\u00f3w i Szkotek decyzj\u0119: sw\u0105 siedzib\u0105 uczyni\u0142 Angli\u0119. W ten spos\u00f3b Szkocja sta\u0142a si\u0119 de facto poddana Anglii. Ci\u0119\u017cko wywalczona niepodleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 zosta\u0142a utracona. Robert I Bruce pewnie przewraca\u0142 si\u0119 w grobie!  <\/p>\n\n<p>Wnuk Jakuba VI, Jakub VII kr\u00f3l Szkocji \/ Jakub II kr\u00f3l Anglii, przeszed\u0142 na katolicyzm \u2013 protestancka Anglia wpad\u0142a w panik\u0119! O interwencj\u0119 poproszono c\u00f3rk\u0119 w\u0142adcy Mari\u0119 oraz jej m\u0119\u017ca, wyznawc\u0119 protestantyzmu Wilhelma III Ora\u0144skiego. Para obali\u0142a katolickiego w\u0142adc\u0119. Po \u0142acinie imi\u0119 Jakub brzmi \u201eJacobus\u201d \u2013 zwolennik\u00f3w katolickiego Jakuba zacz\u0119to nazywa\u0107 wi\u0119c \u201eJakobinami\u201d.   <\/p>\n\n<p>Ich powstania z lat 1689, 1715 i 1717 upad\u0142y. W roku 1746 powstanie poprowadzi\u0142 wnuk Jakuba VII\/II, Karol Edward Stuart (zwany r\u00f3wnie\u017c \u015alicznym Ksi\u0119ciem Karolkiem). Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w pokonano w\u00f3wczas w bitwie na Culloden. <\/p>\n\n<p>W 2014 r. w Szkocji przeprowadzono referendum w sprawie od\u0142\u0105czenia si\u0119 od Zjednoczonego Kr\u00f3lestwa. Unioni\u015bci wygrali niewielk\u0105 wi\u0119kszo\u015bci\u0105. Niekt\u00f3rzy uwa\u017caj\u0105, \u017ce w przysz\u0142o\u015bci zorganizowane zostanie kolejne referendum oraz nie rozumiej\u0105, jak jakiekolwiek pa\u0144stwo mog\u0142oby odrzuci\u0107 niepodleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107. Inni wol\u0105 stabilizacj\u0119, jak\u0105 niesie ze sob\u0105 unia ze Zjednoczonym Kr\u00f3lestwem.    <\/p>\n\n<p>Sporu nie rozstrzygniemy dzi\u015b na pok\u0142adzie, ale temat niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci Szkocji cz\u0119sto wraca do debaty publicznej, wi\u0119c warto go \u015bledzi\u0107.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pomimo wygranej kr\u00f3la Roberta I Bruce\u2019a spory na temat angielskoszkockiej granicy oraz pr\u00f3by zjednoczenia dw\u00f3ch kr\u00f3lestw nie ustawa\u0142y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bez-kategorii"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>KIM BYLI JAKOBINI? 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